[1]Topolovec-Vranic J,Canzian S,Innis J,et al.Patient satis-faction and documentation of pain assessments and manage-ment after implementing the adult nonverbal pain scale[J].Am J Crit Care,2010,19(4):345-354.

[2]李虹彦,殷欣,刘涛,等.术后患者疼痛控制现状及满意度影响因素分析[J].护士进修杂志,2012,27(9):824-826.

[3]Herr K,Coyne PJ,Key T,et al.Pain assessment in the non-verbal patient:position statement with clinical practice recom-mendations[J].Pain Manag Nurs,2006,7(2):44-52.

[4]Li D,Puntillo K,Miaskowski C.A review of objective painmeasures for use with critical care adult patients unable to self-report[J].J Pain,2008,9(1):2-10.

[5]Pasero C.Challenges in pain assessment[J].J PerianesthNurs,2009,24(1):50-54.

[6]Herr K.Pain assessment strategies in older patients[J].JPain,2011,12(3Suppl 1):S3-S13.

[7]Pasero C,McCaffery M.No self-report means no pain-intensi-ty rating[J].Am J Nurs,2005,105(10):50-53.

[8]Reaney R.Assessing pain in children[J].Ananesthesia&In-tensive Care Medicine,2007,8(5):180-183.

[9]McGuire DB.Comprehensive and multidimensional assessmentand measurement of pain[J].J Pain Symptom Manage,1992,7(5):312-319.

[10]Brand K,Court C.Pain assessment in children[J].Anaes-thesia&Intensive Care Medicine,2010,11(6):214-216.

[11]Huguet A,Stinson JN,McGrath PJ.Measurement of self-reported pain intensity in children and adolescents[J].J Psy-chosom Res,2010,68(4):329-336.

[12]Cohen LL,Lemanek K,Blount RL,et al.Evidence-basedassessment of pediatric pain[J].J Pediatr Psychol,2008,33(9):939-955.

[13]McJunkins A,Green A,Anand KJ.Pain assessment in cog-nitively impaired,functionally impaired children:pilot studyresults[J].J Pediatr Nurs,2010,25(4):307-309.

[14]钱敏,刘艳林.两种干预方式缓解早产儿足跟采血疼痛的效果分析[J].护士进修杂志,2011,26(21):1992-1993.

[15]Hadjistavropoulos T,Herr K,Turk DC,et al.An interdis-ciplinary expert consensus statement on assessment of pain inolder persons[J].Clin J Pain,2007,23(1Suppl):S1-S43.

[16]Herr K,Bjoro K,Decker S.Tools for assessment of pain innonverbal older adults with dementia:a state-of-the-sciencereview[J].J Pain Symptom Manage,2006,31(2):170-192.

[17]Herr K,Bursch H,Ersek M,et al.Use of pain-behavioralassessment tools in the nursing home:expert consensus rec-ommendations for practice[J].J Gerontol Nurs,2010,36(3):18-29.

[18]Zwakhalen SM,Hamers JPH,Abu-Saad HH,et al.Pain inelderly people with severe dementia:a systematic review ofbehavioral pain assessment tools[J].BMC Geriatr,2006,6(1):3-10.

[19]彭美慈,钟佩雯,梁颖琴,等.中文版晚期老年痴呆症疼痛评估量表的初步评价[J].中华护理杂志,2007,42(8):677-680.

[20]李茶香,刘雪琴.中文版Doloplus-2量表用于老年痴呆患者疼痛评估的测试研究[J].护理学报,2009,16(2A):11-14.

[21]Pudas-Tahka SM,Axelin A,Aantaa R,et al.Pain assess-ment tools for unconscious or sedated intensive care patients:a systematic review[J].J Adv Nurs,2009,65(5):946-956.

[22]忽新刚,佘守章.疼痛评估在ICU危重症患者中应用的新进展[J].广东医学,2010,31(6):665-668.

[23]Gelinas C,Arbour C,Michaud C,et al.Implementation ofthe critical-care pain observation tool on pain assessment/management nursing practices in an intensive care unit withnonverbal critically ill adults:a before and after study[J].intnurs stud,2011,48:1495-1504.

[24]Chen YY,Lai YH,Shun SC,et al.The Chinese BehaviorPain Scale for critically ill Patients:translation and psycho-metric testing[J].int J nurs stud,2011,48:438-448.

[25]孟春,张彦,梁禹.应用重症监护疼痛观察工具对机械通气的老年患者进行疼痛评估[J].中华老年医学杂志,2011,30(12):1008-1011.